APEC Timeline

-Leader of Jesuits
-main educators in Europe
-converted thousands in the east (Asia) to Christianity

ERASMUS
-emphasis on education for reform
-beginning of reformation

THOMAS MORE
-utopia

• "God, Glory, Gold"
• new developments in ships, maps, compasses
• Portuguese leaders in exploration in Africa, India

ENCOMIENDA
-Spanish conquerors collect tribute from the Indians and can use them as slaves and in return must provide protection for them

-Natives treated harshly and many died from foreign disease

TRIANGULAR TRADE/ Columbian Exchange
-Goods -> Africa
-Slaves -> America
-Foreign goods -> Europe
-caused major increase in population in Europe and use of luxury goods
-VIEW OF NATIVES: inhuman and a lower race, but should be converted to Christianity

SLAVE TRADE
-put cottage industry workers out of business in Europe and increased production of manufactured goods

North German coastal towns
-took over when Italian trade failed
-decline when unable to compete with larger territorial states

Inflation
-wages went down and prices went up
- good thing for entrepreneurs and aristocrats

Causes
-growing population
-influx of precious metals from new world

Joint-Stock Companies
- no longer family banking

Mercantilism
-bullion = prosperity
-value of exported goods should be greater than that of imported
-place high tariffs on foreign goods

Man head of house and women child producer
-both should read bible
-some girl schools, but only to teach about bible

Wider education- not just to nobility

-predestination

The Prince
-Feared rather than loved, but not hated

-95 theses

• Luther denies authority of pope

-asks German princes for support

Luther's works to be burned and him to be captured and delivered to the emperor

Charles V (originally Charles I of Spain) vs. Francis I
-disputes over territories
- prevented Charles from focusing on reformation

-inflamed by Thomas Muntzer
-Luther responded by supporting the German princes instead

Luther vs. Zwingli on the Lord's Supper and Transubstantiation

-married Anne Boleyn (had her beheaded)
-daughter: Elizabeth
-got son from Jane Seymour
-died after five wives

First Tsar
-crushed power of Russian Nobility

King Henry VIII was supreme head of church and if you denied it, he would kill you

-"end of the world"
- had to purge world for the coming of Jesus

-Compromises to make Protestants return to Catholicism
-keep all 7 sacraments
-Purgatory= yes
-against Protestantism

Provided most reliable data of his time
-very accurate charts

German Princes form Schmalkaldic League
-ally with King Henry II of France to win Schmalkaldic Wars

-staunch catholic
-married Phillip II of Spain
-murdered thousands of protestants "Bloody Mary"
-ended up spreading protestantism instead of ending it

Each German Prince can choose the religion of his territory

-VERY intelligent and educated
-kept England war free and running efficiently
-unofficially told seamen to raid Spanish ships and colonies
-Spanish armada failed at overthrowing England

Huguenots vs Guise Family

-French Calvinists - ultra catholics

Valois
-staunch Catholics
-until Catherine de Medici (realpolitic)

-Telescope
-Sunspots, moons of Jupiter, rings of Saturn, surface of Moon
-Planets made of the same substances as Earth
-laws describing movement of of bodies on Earth
-excommunicated b/c his discoveries went against church teachings

Protestant Netherlands didn't like their tax money going to Spain and Phillip II
-Nobility wanted power

William of Orange
-wanted to unite all 17 provinces
-united 5 and made Dutch Republic

War ended with twelve year truce and independence of North Provinces

Golden Age of Netherlands
-center of trade
-protestantism popular

Brahe's assistant

-Discovered elliptical orbit
-Three Laws of Planetary Motion

-3,000 Huguenots murdered in France

-result: Henry of Navarre became Henry IV of France

Economic Contraction from inflation from Price Revolution
-imports declined

Little Ice Age
-climate down
-war, famine, plague

Witchcraft Craze
-witches scapegoated for decline
-religious uncertainty

Northern states of Netherlands make Protestant Union (Calvinism)
VS
Southern States Catholic League

-North wanted to be recognized-> went to countries against Spain
-South went for help-> to Spain

Bohemian King (Ferdinand) strong Catholic
-wanted to re Catholicize Bohemia
-German princes in Bohemia were protestant

Defecation of Prague
-Hapsburg govs/ secretary out window

Took over Bohemia and replaced Ferdinand with protestant king
-Ferdinand just got chosen as Holy Roman Emperor and refuses to accept this

Spanish re take Bohemia and reestablish Ferdinand as king

Eliminated political/military rights of Huguenots while leaving their religious rights

Developed system of spies to keep tabs on the nobility

Intendants
-royal officials that executed orders of central gov

Raised taille

King of Denmark allies with Protestants and invades north Germany

King Ferdinand has Wallenstein as imperial commander
-Wallenstein beats king of Denmark

King Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution
-No Calvinism allowed
-gave Catholic church land

Response
-German princes forced him to dismiss Wallenstein

King of Sweden joins Protestants and invades North Germany
-Won and moved German/Spanish forces out of North Germany
-King Ferdinand calls Wallenstein back
-Swedish win again, but King killed
-Wallenstein assassinated
-Germans/Spanish beat Swedish

King Ferdinand wants to appease German Princes
-annuls Edict of Restitution

Catholic French with Protestant Swedes
VS
Catholic Germany/Spain

-French beat Spanish

Peace of Westphalia
-all German states, including Calvinist, could decide own religion
-France gained land

Outcomes
-religion beginning to be personal thing and separate from politics

Hohenzollern
-Ruling class
-controlled Brandenburg (inside HRE)
-controlled Prussia (outside HRE)

Built up military
-heavy taxes to support military
-started/ formed Prussia

Carried on Richelieu's policies

Nobles joined with Parliament of Paris and masses against centralized gov.
-Nobles of the Robe
-Fronde wars

-Gravity
-calculus
-color is a property of light, not an object
-3 laws of motion

"Sun King"

Court of Versailles
-kept nobles/ princes out of political affairs by keeping them busy with court life
-cost A LOT

Completely controlled foreign policy, but wasn't very "absolute" at home

COLBERT
-mercantilism
-brought in a lot of money, but Louis spent it all

invaded Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte
-triple alliance of Dutch, English and Swedes forced him to sue for peace
-never forgave Dutch for making triple alliance

Invaded united Provinces (Dutch) again
-Brandenburg, Spain, Holy Roman Empire teamed up and made him stop
-got Franche-Comte

-Revoked Edict of Nantes
-Called for destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools

Many skilled artisans left France- hurt economy

Louis
VS
The League Of Augsburg (Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, and England)

-caused economic depression and famine in France
-land gained hardly worth the losses

Expansion/ Westernization
-Saw Western European advancements and modernized his army and taxed heavily

Wanted a port on the Baltic Sea
-GREAT NORTHERN WAR

War of Spanish Succession
-Prussia got involved

Treaty of Utrecht
-became king of Prussia

Peter I of Russia wanted warm water port
-Sweden VS Russia
-Russia won
-Russian tactic: Scorched Earth policy
-won because Russian Winter
Treaty of Nystad

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION
-Austrian king left throne to Louis XIV's grandson who was king of Spain

England, United Provinces, Hapsburg/Austria, German States all worried about a Spanish/French/Austrian gang up with too much power

Treaty of Utrecht
-Louis' grandson remains ruler of Spain, but French and Spanish thrones can never be joined

Loved/supported military
-Prussia built upon army
-used army as threat, but didn't use it
PEACE