Victimology Timeline- Kevin Lauria

-Divorce laws were liberalized
-Divorce on grounds of cruelty
-By 1910, 35 of 46 states had passed liberalized divorce laws like these
-Domestic relations court

-FBI started the Uniform Crime Report
-Official data on the crime in the United States
-Limited information due to hierarchy rule, missing unreported crime, limited offender/victim statistics

Women's bureaus disappeared

-Treatment of individuals
-No longer criminals and victims, rather they were clients

-Written by Hans von Hentig
-Some individuals are predisposed to becoming criminals and victims
-Rich, elderly, children

-Written by Benjamin Mendelsohn
-Six step classification of victims based on legal considerations of the degree of the victim's blame

-Lobbied for governments in England to provide compensation to crime victims
-Was not adopted in England

-Published in 1971
-Seductive action by the victim
-Did a study on rape
-Advocated for victim blaming in rape cases
-19% of rapes were victim precipitated

-Evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court
-Exclusionary Rule
-Illegal search and seizure

-The first country to adopt victim compensation

-By 1979 there were 28 others

-Written by Schafer
-Victim precipitation
-We contribute to our own victimization

-Establishment of the Miranda Warning
-Preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings

-Civil Rights

-First three assistance programs opened in the United States
-Two are rape crisis centers (DC&SF)

-Opened in London
-Focused on services

-Law Enforcement Assistance Administration had first conference

-Founded to expand victims' rights and services

-This is a grassroots, non -profit, membership organization working to end domestic violence

-First resource center
-Funded by LEAA block grants

-Identifying and meeting victim's needs
-Concentrates on such personal crime, providing emotional support as well as providing practical information on where to seek help and guidance

-Wisconsin ushered in a historic change that focused on a broad range of rights that addressed victims needs and concerns

-Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a non-profit organization that fights against the issue of drunk driving

-State public officials, enabled by victim advocates, realized that state action was necessary to ensure the institutionalization of victim assistance
-1981 first victims' week (Reagan)

-These laws limit a defendants ability to cross-examine rape complainants about their past sexual behavior
-80’s-90’s
-Put in place to protect victims in court
-Nationwide
-Protects sexual history unless relevant to the case
-8 States banned publications of victim names
-1990’s into 2000’s, Kobe Bryant and Duke Lacrosse

-Temporary Restraining Orders

-Designed for officers to select one third of offenders from a pool of domestic violent offenders for arrest, one third would be counseled and one third would be separated from their domestic partner

-Omnibus victim/witness protection act was matching federal act

-Resulted in VOCA
-President Ronald Reagan establishes a Task Force on Victims of Crime to focus on the needs of victims of crime

-Created by the Department of Justice to implement recommendations from the President's Task Force

-Creates guidelines for the treatment of federal victims and witnesses

-Under Reagan
-Funded with (not taxes) offender fines, rainy day backup only used 3 times in the last 8 years
-4 million crime victims each year
-DV, sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, drunk driving, survivors of homicide
-Federal Victim Notification System
-Emergency relief to victims of terrorism and mass violence
-Child abuse prevention and treatment programs
-Prosecutors, law enforcement agencies and victims’ advocates
-DV and sexual assault victims make up half of those receiving services—shelters, crisis centers, child abuse treatment programs

-Connecticut case
-Local police ignored signs of domestic violence
-Ignored it because they were married
-Thurman won the case

-Victim impact statements are unconstitutional and in violation of the 8th Amendment
-No VIS during sentencing
-Encourage jury to focus on victim instead of defendant
-Decision shouldn’t rest on ability to describe
-Subjective, give D little opportunity to rebut

-Victim impact statements violate the 8th amendment when applied to the penalty phase in capital cases
-No statements about victim character by prosecution

-Requires all colleges and universities that participate in federal financial aid programs to keep and disclose information about crime on and near their respective campuses

-Created the Victim's Bill of Rights

-By 1990, 48 states made restitution a punishment unto itself

-Held that testimony on the form of a victim impact statement is admissible during the sentencing phase of a trial and, in death penalty cases, does not violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause

-Provides federal funding to States in support of prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment activities and also provides grants to public agencies and nonprofit organizations for demonstration programs and projects

-Data on crimes committed because of the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity

-By National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Justices

-Violence Against Women Act
-$1.2 billion between 1995-2000
-CJ responses to violent crimes against women
-Services in community
-Public safety measures
-Education, health and data services
-STOP (services and Training for Officers and Prosecutors) DV

-Known as Megan's Law
-Requiring law enforcement authorities to make information available to the public regarding registered sex offenders
-Individual states decide what information will be made available and how it should be disseminated

-Established to provide crisis intervention

-Clarify existing federal law allowing victims to attend and provide victim impact during sentencing in both capital and non-capital cases, specifically to address the needs of the Oklahoma City Bombing

-Attempt to gather information regarding victims with disabilities. Studies were conducted and statistics made about the types of crimes made against people with disabilities

-$3.3 billion over 5 more years
-Renewal required cross jurisdictional honor of TRO
-Demanded efficiency for continued funding of existing programs
-Expanded original STOP programs

-Uniform Nationally
-Offers protections for persons in the country illegally who may be victims of human trafficking

-Backronym for America's Missing Broadcast Emergency Response, but was named for Amber Hagerman, a 9-year-old abducted and murdered in Arlington, Texas, in 1996

-Under Department of Justice

-Provides real time access to public sex offender data nationwide with a single internet search

-Organizes sex offenders into three tiers
-Tier 3 offenders (the most serious tier) update their whereabouts every three months with lifetime registration requirements
-Tier 2 offenders must update their whereabouts every six months with 25 years of registration
-Tier 1 offenders must update their whereabouts every year with 15 years of registration
-Failure to register and update information is a felony under the law.

-Guaranteed victim rights and guidance in federal court

-Went worldwide

-Shows 24% of households and 17% individuals experienced in last 12 months

-Education in teen violence, barriers removed for LGBT definitions, expanded stalking definitions

-ICAOS- interstate compact for adult offender supervision

-$8.3 million Boston Marathon bombings support

-6 states and the feds (12 states have laws pending on this)- OVAW