Crim 404 Victimology Timeline

Allowed prosecution of DV offenders -- equal protection of woman as to man.
Rescinded legal right of man to hit woman

Iowa.
No divorce for women because of husband cruelty, brought it in on herself.

First state to make wife beating ilegal

Provided legal and personal aid to women who were abused

Inequality
Unwillingness to arrest white males

Right to conduct moderate chastisement is overruled in Mississippi

Husband participating in rape by third party is condemned.

Divorce because of cruelty.

By 1910 35 of 46 states had passed liberalized divorce laws like these -- domestic relations courts

25 cities adopted Chicago's Protective Agency

End of social work era

1940s-1950s rise of psychology and TREATMENT of individuals – no longer criminals and victims, rather they were CLIENTS

The Criminal and his victim.
Some people are more inclined to becoming criminal and victims
Victims usually include: rich, children, elderly

1. Completely innocent victims
2. Victim’s with minor guilt
3. Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim
4. Victim more guilty than offender
5. Most guilty victim
6. Simulating or imaginary victim

Compensation in England, not adopted in England.

Thought of as prompting victim blame in rape cases

No evidence form illegitimate searches.

First country to adopt compensation for victims.

By 1979 we had 28 others

Precipitation

Focused on concern for victims

Government funded in-house projects to encourage victims to participate in prosecution

Addresses workplace safety, general duty clause

2 are rape crisis centers (DC & SF)

Focused on services

Mandatory reporting
Database available 24/7

1974 - funding established the first local victim/witness programs
1975 - founding of National Office of Victim Assitsance

Canada
Usually happens post-conviction.
Victims are voluntary participants, offenders not so much.

Omnibus Victim/Witness

VOCA
Final Report offers 68 recommendations to improve the treatment of crime victims.

Recommended restitution

on how to protect the rights of victims

Abuse and neglect of the elderly made illegal

States to assess

Connecticut
Police watched victim be abused by husband before stepping in.
Thurman won the case

Funded with (not taxes) offender fines, rainy day backup only used 3 times in last 8 years
4 million crime victims each year
DV, sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, drunk driving, survivors of homicide
Federal Victim Notification System
Emergency relief to victims of terrorism and mass violence
Child abuse prevention and treatment programs
Prosecutors, law enforcement agencies and victims' advocates
DV and sexual assault victims makes up half of those receiving services -- shelters, crisis centers, child abuse treatment programs

No VIS during sentencing

New Zealand
Shaming
Stakeholders can attend

No statements about victim character by prosecution

By 1990 - 48 states made restitution a punishment unto itself

Canada
Minor crimes
Doesn't matter if stakeholder or not. Everyone can attend.

Universities must report campus crimes annually and accurately

Reversed/Overturned both Booth and Gathers

Agencies must report and collect all information on hate crimes as a separate crime

Protections created:
Mandatory reporting
Social services -- self-neglect

... by National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Justices

Violence Against Women Act
$1.2 billion between 1995-2000
Improved response to violence against women by training
Services in community
Public safety measures
Education, health and data services
STOP (Services and Training for Officers and Prosecutors) DV

Registered Sex Offenders information made public

Cannot own a firearm if convicted of domestic violence

Result of Oklahoma City Bombings
Victims have right to be present during trial

$3.3 billion over 5 more years
Renewal required cross-jurisdictional honor of TRO
Demanded efficacy for continued funding of existing programs
Expanded original STOP programs

Uniform Nationally

9/11

Standards of information

Guaranteed victim rights and guidance in federal court

Went worldwide

Shows 24% of households and 17% individuals experienced in last 12 months.

Education in teen violence, barriers removed for LGBT definitions, expanded stalking defs

1/13 OVC $8.3m Boston Marathon bombings support

Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Reduction Law – 6 states and the Feds (12 states have laws pending on this) – OVAW