History of India and Japan, 1600 - Present Day

-A direct descendent of the Turkish Genghis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane

-Defeated the Delhi Sultanate and established the Mughal Empire

-Gained control of the whole of Northern India; made Agra capital

-Did not enact any new laws of organisation in the Empire due to his early death

"Hindustan is a place of little charm, there is no beauty in its people, no etiquette, nobility or manliness"

-Son of Babur; was not a solider, and, unlike his father, was neither skilled nor a wise leader

-Inherited a disunited and disorganised Empire

-In 1540 Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire; the Empire was lost from 1540-1545 - he was exiled but later regained power in 1555

-Known as the "luckless one"

-Ambitous and noble - built the largest army ever in the Empire; helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan

-Great administrator - developed a centralised government: it delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further subdivided into smaller sections

-Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus) - removed 'jizya' (poll tax) on Hindus

-Developed his own faith called Din Ilahi - a mixture of other religions Akbar had studied in religious debates with scholars; it never caught on

-Opposite of his father, Akbar: poor monarch and warrior but good at maintaing status quo

-Continued many of Akbar's policies - freedom of worship; fair treatment of Hindus; continued friendship and alliance with Rajputs; allowed foreigners like the Portuguese and the English into India for trade

-Married Nur Japan - she became the real ruler until the death of her husband

-Better ruler than his father, Jahangir - restored the efficiency of government; recovered territories; maintained peace; foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased considerably

-Empire expanded

-Was a patron of the arts - built much great architecture, including the Taj Mahal (nearly bankrupted the Empire) and the Peacock Throne

-1657: Shah Jahan became seriously ill and dispute over succession ensured between his three sons

-Aurangzeb disposed Shah Jahan in a coup d'etat in 1658; he was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the Agra Fort from which he would see the Taj Mahal; died in 1666

-Ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers

-Traditionally seen as despotic

-Empire declines under his reign: he removed the tax-free status for Hindus; destroyed their temples; crushed semi-autonomous states

-Over expanded the Empire and strained his resources - large sums of money and manpower were lost; lost the support of the Hindu people; weakened his administration

-Died in 1707; was succeeded by his son Bahadur Shah, but he was so old by this time he only managed to live a few more years

-The death of Aurangzeb and his son led to the end of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of British rule

-Got rid of the Syed Brothers (powerful Mughal army generals of the Mughal Empire during the early 18th century - became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzebs death and became king-makers during the anarchy dollowing Aurangzeb's death in 1707; created and dethroned Mughal emperors at their will during the 1710s)

-Countered the emergence of the renegade Marathas and lost large tracts of Deccan and Malwa in the process

-Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739

Combined forces of the Mughal Emperor and the Marathas (Indian warrior caste) under Madhav Rao Scindia engaged Afghan army of Ahmed Shah Durrani.

Both sides devastated by conflict.

• He was the last Mughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire.

-Clive and allies defeats former Nawab of Bengal

-It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies; It let the British East India Company take control of a part of South Asia.

Marathas are victorious.

Commissioned by Governor-General Lord Richard Wellesley without approval from London.

The last major threat to British power.

British are victorious.

• EIC lost monopoly on trade with India

• Financial problems exacerbated

• Solution: import Indian opium to China → origins of first Opium War

• English official language, medium of instruction

• The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Indian Rebellion of 1857

• End of Mughal dynasty.

• Began 9th May 1857: on the parade ground of Meerut, 85 Indian troopers were court martialled; their crime - these troopers had refused to load their rifles with the new cartridges (cow and pig fat)

• 10th May 1857: men of the 3th Light Cavalry stormed the barracks jail and released their comrades

• Founded 1875 by Dayananda Saraswati

• Believed infallibility of ‘Vedas’ - if people returned to the traditional texts, India would become a bold nation again

• Promoted upper caste behaviour - vegetarianism, temperance, practices of upper class hindus

• Founded by Surendranath Banerjea

• The objectives of this Association were “promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people”

• Later formed with the Indian Congress

• Introduced to try and get Indians to serve as jurors

• Caused controversy to the British, as the idea of an Indian trying a white person was inconceivable → it was thus watered down, and thus led Indians to believe they were despised by the colonial rulers → this led to deep resentment

• Trying to introduce social policy legislation

• Increased in size councils in British India; local representation comes into being in India, for the first time in colonial India → increasing public sphere

• Done deliberately to split up regions so it was harder to unify, and so easier for the British to control

• Started with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon

• It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements

• Showed resistance not just in India, but is coming home

• Over indigo and abolition of tinkathia system

• Localised and regional

• Against crop failure

• Localised and regional

• Localised and regional

• Extension of suffrage to 35 million

• Divided India into provinces; at partition, these provinces still existed

• The Muslim League desired a majority area that would constitute an area for them that they would have governance in

• Designed to facilitate Indian cooperation in WW2 but only made vague allusions to have more Indians in Viceroy’s assembly and so abortive and 5 months later Quit India Movement launched

• Quit India Campaign was absolutely huge - support of All India Trade Congress; sabotage of the Post Office, War effort etc…; underground radio station established

• People who had not before been involved in activism now were, e.g., women, undergraduates

• British did not take this movement lying down; British state ordered a brutal suppression, in particular in cities such as Bombay; Viceroy Linlithgow described it as the most serious rebellion since 1857; required deployment of 55 army battalions to suppress it; 100,000 imprisoned

• Under the provincial system; Muslim League did spectacularly well in the Muslim provinces; allowed the balances to be tilted - they had a genuine right to representation

• Pakistan becomes a new state as part of this partition, 14th August

• Commemoration of the formation of India, 15th August

• Borders not firmly established until 17th August

• The date for withdrawal was advanced by Viceroy Mountbatten from June 1948 to 15th August 1947

• For the purposes of governance, there would be a separation between state and religion; however, his death came very quickly - Islam comes into the world inheriting the weakness of the colonial past, financially etc

• Banned untouchability and religious discrimination

• Alliance made up of 5 leaders; one of which was Nehru; also, Egypt, Indonesia, Ghana, and Yugoslavia

• Also saw reservation list drawn up and scheduled castes

• However there was no vote on this

• Framework was meant to be federal - absence of national political party → caused conflict between the regions and the centre

• Under Ayub Khan’s government there is a worsening of tension between the east and the west; he was clearly a dictator but also a moderniser - he wanted Pakistan to develop rapidly

• Set about rapid growth in industrialisation

• This results in ethnic and linguistic divisions

• Over Tibet

-“Last Englishman to rule India”
- Within one year of his death, India enters into its first major war with Pakistan over Kashmir; one of Nehru’s policies was about friendship with Pakistan

• Industrial unrest, general strikes, student protests; anti-government protests; all very urban

• Two major political parties: Pakistan People’s Party, and Awami League (gain majority of seats)

• Rather than respecting this outcome, the Awami are imprisoned - leads to civil war

• As a result of Pakistan losing the civil war, Yahya Khan is forced to resign, and Bangladesh is formed

• As a result of Civil War

• Very Anglican man; whole outlook on life is to be a modernist → his policies did not bring an improvement to the material lives of most Pakistanis; detaining and arresting of opponents lead to outcries of lack of democracy

• Cuts ties with both SEATO and the Commonwealth, and also countries such as Saudi-Arabia and France → marks the beginning of the Pakistan nuclear programme

• 1977 - Bhutto accused of rigging in the elections; mass popular protests; army steps in and martial law is declared; Bhutto is imprisoned and eventually hanged

• Says Pakistan is perhaps not ready for a western style of government; democracy is limited; no free press etc; holds elections but few political parties involved → he wins, of course

• Crucial historical moment in terms of Pakistans trajectory - Cold War

• Return to democratic rule

• In the late 1980s/early 1990s is given total backing by the Pakistani regime, and backing is provided by the Saudi-Arabian government and the US