Pan-European Security

Europen Recovery Program (ERP) lasted 4 years

Containment policy as a priority for U.S.
Rollback policy

for the spread and propaganda - undercutting Soviet power in Eastern Europe

• Easing trade restictions
• he was sceptical about agressive rollback (also because it was costly)
• after EaGerman uprising and its suppression by soviet - it shattered the notion of agressive rollback
• instead, supported growth of nationalist sentiments

Decision to Bomb North Vietnam in feb 1965

"Yes, it is Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the destiny of the world"
His vision stood in contrast to the Atlanticism of the United States and Britain, preferring instead a Europe that would act as a third pole between the United States and the Soviet Union. By including in his ideal of Europe all the territory up to the Urals, de Gaulle was implicitly offering détente to the Soviets.

US, UK, SU
in order to contain Germany and China

1966-68 > detentr policy

1966 - tested a ballistic missile

Negotiations were opened by SU and US
In force from 1970

Willy Brandt in W.Germany
accepted borders of Polan and EaGermany
1.accepting the status quo of powers
2.removed soviet argument about german danger
3.improved Ea-W relations
-W.Germany remains since that time in a cooperative framework with East
-made CSCE and Helsinki process - possible
(when Soviet accepted the US role in Europe and W.Germans accepted the status quo > foundation for all-European security conference)
-NATO and the West(Fr.) were afraid of W.Germany moving eastwards, they tried to connect W.Germany by all means to the West.

with Kissinger
to disentangle from Vietnam
China card - to split the communist block
Underestimating local circumstances of 3rd World
Tend to slow down the presence in 3rd World

accepted the existing border—the Oder-Neisse line, imposed on Germany by the Allied powers at the 1945 Potsdam Conference

(no more $ conversation into gold)
-because i was a big inflation
-this step allowed to export inflation into Europe (Fr. was furious)

So fear was created in Europe that US will not lead a free world

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Nixon & Brezhnev

accepting the status quo

part of Arab-Israel conflicts
-Both US and SU didn't want to allow each other's presence in the Middle East
-one of the highest tensions of the Cold War

-undercut secretive diplomacy practiced by Nixon and Kissinger
-appointed anti-communist Brzezinski as a national security adviser
-an extreme supporter of human rights

???

SU - Afghanistan on the same day

-anti-communist "crusade"
-largest defense buildup since Korean War
-1st application to religion - SU as "emperial evil"
-much more assertive foreign policy - to help everybody against communism (support Afgan., Kambogia, Nikaragua, Ethiopia)
-Huge investmet, adding 35% of exp. in military, now with a clear enemy
-Deployment of missiles into Europe
-launching SDI, this idea was never abandoned, now it is not "national" but missile defense because it spreads for Europe.
-charismatic leader
1983 - peak of tensions

"Star wars"
-space-based missile defense program that could protect the country from a large-scale nuclear attack
-violation of the 1972 Antiballistic Missile
-SU might feel forced to attack before the US could complete the system

Hightened alert of Warsaw Pact forces, as Soviet observers believed it might be a real thing

Crucial shift in rethoric.
He called for constructive cooperation, to avoid war and reduce lvls of arms

I like Mr Gorbachev. We can do business together
(in interview to BBC)

-Rea&Gor improvement of relations
-only 6 moths after Chernenko's death (before the internal leadership situation could not effectively "react" on Reagan's shift towards)

-the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries
-policies in such areas as macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and the expansion of market forces within the domestic economy.

-Uruguay round of GATT > WTO
-NAFTA negotiations

Showed opposite to Marxist theory - possibility of a peaceful transition from one system to another

brutal use of force

It opened a way for EaGerman refugees

made the Berlin Wall pointless 2 months before it was opened up

thought they will be lucku to achieve unification "with 5 or 10 years", but it was very fast, as germans were highly willing to unite

Bush convinced G. to agree that unined Germany should decide for itself in which alliance she would like to participate
In return - Bush sighned an agreement eliminating most of the Cold War restrictions on the Soviet trade

Same day - member of NATO
Reagan reassured Gorbachev that NATO itself would not go further
Without US backing the unification of Germany would not appear

Somalia, Bosnia, Haiti (?)
More forceful in supportin democracy-seeking states fighting from a communict Yugoslav federation (in contrast to Bush)

agreement officially came into force
North American Free Trade Agreement

with Russia
WTO marked a major step in establishing a judicial basis for international trade law

As an emerging norm that sovereignty is not a right, but that states must protect their populations from mass atrocity crimes—namely genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and ethnic cleansing.
-state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.
-the international community has a responsibility to assist the state to fulfill its primary responsibility.
-if the state manifestly fails to protect its citizens from the four above mass atrocities and peaceful measures have failed, the international community has the responsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions. Military intervention is considered the last resort.
-R2P is a norm and not a law
-International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report in 2001
-Criticisms: ‘humanitarian interventions’, which often conceal the true strategic motives