Split influence over European countries; Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Ygoslavia, Hungary
- Good for Stalin "buffer zone"
- Impractical to implement
- No US rep

Truman, Atlee, Stalin
- Poland moved West to the Oder-Niesse line
- 5 Million Germans forcibly relocated
- No fixed reparations from Germany
BUT:
- Truman's boast about A-Bomb backfired
- Truman and Atlee too inexperience
- US complained about no free elections
-Stalin angry

Stalin, Churchill, FDR present
- Free elections to be held in Eastern Europe
- UN established
- Germany to be divided and controlled by the successful allies
BUT:
- Soviets already have huge control in parts of Poland
- Stalin never had free elections
- Split of Germany left Berlin isolated

• Korean Armistice - divided on 38th Parallel
• Vietnam - ended French war, v. split on 17th Parallel, Reunification elections agreed to be held for 1956 BUT -US refuse to sign deal and walk out of conference

• Austria had been split in the same way as Germany (4 zones)
• Agreed to withdraw troops, Reduce superpower influence in Austria and for Austrian to be re-unified and become neutral BUT: -Not able to reach the same deal over Germany

• First meeting of leaders since 1945
• Reasonable amicable relations
• Established "Geneva Spirit"
• Cultural exchanges were agreed BUT
• Khr. refused to accept Ike's "Open Skies" policy (Ike only suggested this because he knows soviets don't have the technology to fly planes over the US)
• Ike refused to accept reunification neutrality of W Ger but Germany just joined NATO so Khr. knew Ike would have to refuse

• First Soviet leader to visit US
• Positive, cordial reception for Khr. from US public and politicians BUT:
• No deals were made
• Tension still present and distressed
• The Disneyland Incident.

Only failures:
- U2 spy plane shot down flying through Soviet airspace
- Khr enraged and wants Ike to apologise but refuses to acknowledge it was a military plane
- Khr. proves Ike lying by producing Gary Powers (pilot)
- Ike refused to apoligise to Khr. Storms out of the Summit --> no deals
- Propaganda victory for the USSR

Only Failures:
- Khr deliberately set out to bully and intimidate young and inexperienced JFK
- Demands US troops are withdrawn from Berlin
- No deal.

After CMC wanted to ensure total ability to communicate at all times

Places a ban on atmostpheric testing of nuclear weaponry
BUT:
Testing just goes underground

• US, USSR and NATO forces (except France) agree not to spread nuclear weapons to countries that don't already have nuclear capabilities

• Nixon and Kissinger exploit the differences in Sino-Soviet relations

• The USSR and FRG declared they had no territorial claim over any other state
• Abandoned the Hallstein Doctrin
• West Germ. Presented Brezhnev with a letter on German Unity
• USSR gained Western Recognition of their "empire"
• Post-45 borders declared "inviable" (not alterable by violence)

• West Berlin had equal access rights to West Germany
• West Berlin not legally part of West Germany

• Limited each side to 2 ABM systems
• Reinforced MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) as it provided the knowledge that the other side could still strike back, however too many ABM systems would encourage the other side to go first

• Laid down rules of warfare
• Pledged to "do their utmost to avoid military confrontation" and to exercise restraint in International Relations

• Agreed to limit the number of ICBMS and SLBMS --> 1618 ICBMS and 740 SLBMS for USSR --> 1054 ICBMS and 740 SLBMS for US
• Soviet Union was allowed more ICBMs as US had the advantage in other areas e.g. bomber planes BUT:
• Omitted new technological advances like MIRVs which carried multiple warheads Technological Advatage lay with the USA
• Each side is allowed to replace old, obsolete missiles with new ones within these limits (Far righters like Reagan thought that this was just allowing the USSR to catch up with the US)

• Technical agreements of transit traffic (rights of west Berliners to visit East Berlin)
• The FRG recognised the GDR as an equal soverign state and acepted both sides should be represented at the UN
• The "letter" showed W. German ambitions to peacefully reunify Germany

• Warsaw Pact and NATO countries included
• WP wanted US recognition of post-45 European borders
• BASKET 1: declared the European borers were "inviolable" couldn't be altered by force
• BASKET 2: Covered trade and tech exchanges to promote east/west links
• BASKET 3: contained concessions the US were trying to gain - agreement to accept human rights (Freedom of Speech and Freedom of movement accross Europe) --> hoped it would undermine oppressive regimes in soviet sphere BUT: Soviets didn't stick to Basket 3

• Left out limits for cruise missiles where USA had significant lead
• Set limits for missile launchers and strategic bombers --> exceedingly technical and "could not be understand by your common senator"
• Never ratified in US after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1st Summit meeting for 6 years
- Seem to have established "friendly" relations
- Both agreed that "nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought --> Improvement on Basic Principles Treaty in SALT I
BUT:
No agreement reached

• No agreement made on disarmament but Gorby claimed there had been an "intellectual breakthrough"

• 3 minor deals made - the elimination of US and USSR land based intermediate range missiles - A major reduction of strategic offensive weapons - A joint pledge not to withdraw from an ABM treaty or to deploy SKI for an agreed period of time

• GORBY HAD PROPOSED TOTAL DISARMAMENT BUT REAGAN WOULD NOT "CONFINE SDI TO THE LABORATORY"

INF Treaty
- total disarmament of all land-based intermediate missiles
- Allow other countries inspectors to verify

Failed to reach agreement over ICBMs

Gorby decalred that "we not longer consider you enemies"
Bush Sr. agreed --> end of CW

• US suggests all atomic materials be controlled by the UN to end atomic developments
• Soviets reject plan seeing it as designed to preserve the US advantage permanently (US control UN)

• Communism = malignant, expanding parasite

Set up to spy on the Russians

Soviets accuse US of breaking Potsdam

• Must protect countries vulnerable to Communism with economic aid NOT military action (in conjunction with Marshall Plan)

• $17 bn to all of Europe
• Soviets accuse US of expanding

• New Currency
• Bizonia (combining of English, American and French territory)
• New political assembly

Military alliance of US/W. Europe

• Names and blames USSR
• Increase in defence spending
• Accepts that the military may need to intervene in countries fighting "armed minorities" i.e. Communist insurgents.
• Introduces idea of ROLLING BACK COMMUNISM

Eisenhower's first action in office

Ike able to challenge McCarthy as he was a general, Republican and had good record with Anti-Comm

• even after VC uprising

• $20 billion plan to promote living standards in Latin America
• Peace Corps volunteers in health, education, agricultural projects --> Wanted to get rid of the causes of Communism i.e. POVERTY

• Military budget increased from $47.4 billion in 1961 to $53.6 billion in 1964
• Increased combat ready division from 11-16
• Increased number of soldiers from 2.5 million - 2.7 million --> More of them trained in counter-insurgency tactics

CIA planned invasion of Cuba by anti--Castro Cuban exiles

-1400 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs - hoped to spark popular uprising against Castro but had been anticipated and were imprisoned
- JFK cancelled bombing raids and marine landings
--> Monumental Distaster for the US

Prolonged bombing of North Vietnam

Sustained ariel bombardment of North Vietnam

• Nixon forced to resign after spying on and having staff break into democrats' headquarters before the election

• Response to invasion of Afghanistan

Then increased it by 8% in each of the following years

• US will provide support for all anti-com insurgents, even if they're a rebel group and not right wing government

• Stinger missiles

But Reagan gave them the profit from selling arms to Iran

• Soviet response to NATO
• Made its members reliant on Soviet forces for protection - strengthens Soviet position in Europe
• All military harware was provided by the USSR
• Some states resented USSR interference

• Attacked Stalin and the cult around him
• Advanced concept of peaceful co-existence
• Attacked the Terror of Stalin's brutal repression [20 million killed not including WWII, Gulag labour camps]

• Wanted to squeeze on Berlin "the testicles of the west"

Khr. demands peace treaty over Germany
- 6 month ultimatum

• Soviets began to secretly deploy edium range nuclear missiles on Cuba
• 40,000 Soviet troops and MIG-21 Fighter planes

• Ship was called Indigivka
• Enough warheads to equip 158 nuclear weapons

Gorby gives speech that announces that "Marist-Leninism isn't for everyone"
- End of Brezhnev doctrine

• Took four years to withdraw troops

Ended Communist Party monopoly on power

• Peasant party was dissolved and King was forced to abdicate

• Only remaining democratic country in E. Eur, elections due may -- Comms. expected to do badly
• Comms. formed a coup d'etat before elections
• Only non-Comm left in govt. was de-fenestrated (Jan Masaryk)

Unified and neutralised Austria

Crushed by Soviet army

• After establishing a new governement led by Imre Nagy who wanted to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, the Soviets changed their mind about intervening and suppressed the revolution
• New Soviet government installed

• Workers protest at work over high targets --> riots
• Crushed by Polish forces not Red Army
• Moderate Comm leader Gromulka appointed

• Uprising that aimed to achieve a greater institution of rights for Czech citizens and decentralisation of the economy and democratization
• Thousands of Red Army soldiers were sent in to suppress the protests

Triggered by Prague Spring, Soviet troops occupied Czech. under the Brezhnev doctrine

A document that was circulated by its members in Czechoslovakia which represented political, social and religious views that were illegal
- Criticised the govt for not implementing human rights after Basket 3 of Helsinki
- It emphasised that it was not a permanent, organised body and therefore did not constitute political opposition
- Many of the organisers were imprisoned for political treason

• Trade union that used social resistance to create change for the workers in Poland
• The Govt attempted to destroy them after several years of martial law in Poland
• Decemeber 1990 - Lech Walesa elected president of Poland

In response to Solidarity movement

• Fled to England before WWII
• Stalin set up pro-Soviet govt (The Lublin Committee)

• Consequence of the Berlin blockade

Ike forced GB and Grance to withdraw after they invaded Egypt avoiding conflict.

• In this period 1/6 of the East German population fled to the West
• Khr alternates ultimatums and detente

Rebellion against US control in Cuba (led by Castro)
--> 1961 officially adopted Communism

• US spy plane finds missiles (14 Oct)
• Ex-Comm set up by Kennedy, chaired by Bobby Kennedy: options included auprise air attack (too risky), Appeal to UN (take too long), Possible incasion of Cuba by US, Ultimatum sent to Moscow demanding withdrawal of missiles
• US set up quarantine zone 800 miles off Cuba, Soviet ships stopped and searched for sensitive material - reduced to 500 miles
• 22 Oct - annouced publicly US naval blockade - promised massive retaliation against USSR if missiles fired from Cuba
• 26 Oct - 1st letter - Khr. promised to withdraw missiles if US wouldn't invade - 2nd letter - on condition that they removed Jupiter Missiles from Turkey

All missiles removed by 20 November

Suprise military attack by VC and NV forces against SV, US and allied forces
- Largest military operation conducted by either side up to that point in the war
- Shocked the US public who had believed that SV/VC forces incapable of launching such a massive offensive

• Oil prices rose in US by 70% - all supporters of Israel -Banned oil imports to America altogether
• Joint with economic difficulties in US at the same time e.g. Vietnam debt
• Cause for detente because US needed to be more secure and less economically vulnerable

52 American diplomats and citizens held hostage for 444 days after Iranian students took over the US Embassy in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution

• IR imbalance
• Up to 250,000 killed by these bombs

Official start of Arms Race

Race becomes about delivery of the bombs

1000 times more powerful than Hiroshima bomb

• Far more aggressive than Truman's more flexible policy --> took nuclear arms from being a last resort to a first resort --> More bang for your buck!

Radioactive fallout after testing went much further than expected ->
- People in a Japanese fishing boat 80 miles away were caught in the fall out - One died
- Led to opposition by leading scientists such as Bertrand Russell

• Capaign to teach students to react appropriately to the bomb

• Major US advantage

Couldn't match US's B-52s

• Increased military spending by $4 billion in this period
• Developing Nuclear tech. --> NASA, National Defence Education Act ($1 bn on developing science and technology education in schools)
• Reversed his "New Look" approach

Public fear of missile gap began to emerge

First to develop a space satellite
- US public v. aware of it
- Massive moral blow to US
- Soviets have potential to develop first ICBM that can be fired from USSR and land in the US
- Massive US fear and paranoia --> Increase in military spending

Shows that there is no "bomber gap" - US have 4 more long range bombers than the Soviets

• US satellite failed to get off the ground --> massive public humiliation

• Kennedy announces to congress that there will be a man on the moon by the end of the decade
• $25-35 billion into the programme

• Huge Russian prestige
• Increased fear of Missile Gap for US
• Perception of USSR being ahead in the Arms Race

• No "missile gap" as had been feared by American public
• 10 new Polaris Subs
• 400 new Minutemen missiles = 800 overall

US had 4000 missiles pointed at USSR
USSR had 220 missiles pointed at US

500,000 dead

• promises aid and military assistance to China
• Mao more interested in Chinese nationalism than worldwide communism
• Soviet experts to help rebuild Chinese infrastructure

Mao sees himself as equal to Khr. which he never did with Stalin

• US see this as provocation

Presents himself as leader of world revolution
-> undermined by reliance on Soviet aid

• Manifestation of conflict over nuclear weapons
• USSR made it clear that under no conditions would the crisis develop to a point where USSR had to invoke the nuclear deterrent

• Collectivisation
• Huge communes
• "Change the face of China"
• Obsession with steel of agriculture
• 30 million people starve to death --> Mao politically weakened

• Wanted to protect the Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan

Then refuses to give them the A bomb to slow down the process
--> Chinese unhappy with Soviet aid and feel they are trying to control China like Eastern Europe

• Mao says that Khr. is too pro-American
• No longer any common ground between them
• Fight to become no. 1 comm state

Gathering of Communist leaders in Bucharest

• Khr. declared support for wars of national liberation - more to fend of China than threaten US, but US worried about this in Cuba

• USSR officially neutral but provide jet engines for Indians

US sees China as a major threat to turn whole of Vietnam Communist

Still under control of the Chinese Communist Party

• Wanted to do away with govt. bureacracy
• Young people - "Red Guards"
• Protests outside Soviet embassy -> Chinese torture "Destroyed everything of the past and into Tibet
• Ideological frenzy -> chaos

• justifying Soviet intervention against internal and external threats to Moscow - defined socialist regimes
• Struck China as threatening them

Succeed in case of Romania -> Refuse to support USSR

• Soviets supply heavy weaponry
• Chinese supply engineers/vehicles/arms

• Exploiting tensions between China and USSr
• Ping Pong Diplomacy -> US table tennis team to China
• Nixon to Bejing 1971
• Significant use of back channels and secret meetings

• Reaction to invasion of Czechoslovakia -> China didn't want to be treated like an Eastern European Country under the Brezhnev Doctrine
• Full scale military clash on both sides

Nixon lifts trade ban
--> In Two years US-Sino trade increased 100x to $500million

Ping Ping and Ling Ling the pandas sent as a gift from Mao to US zoo