Split influence over European countries; Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Ygoslavia, Hungary
- Good for Stalin "buffer zone"
- Impractical to implement
- No US rep
Truman, Atlee, Stalin
- Poland moved West to the Oder-Niesse line
- 5 Million Germans forcibly relocated
- No fixed reparations from Germany
BUT:
- Truman's boast about A-Bomb backfired
- Truman and Atlee too inexperience
- US complained about no free elections
-Stalin angry
Stalin, Churchill, FDR present
- Free elections to be held in Eastern Europe
- UN established
- Germany to be divided and controlled by the successful allies
BUT:
- Soviets already have huge control in parts of Poland
- Stalin never had free elections
- Split of Germany left Berlin isolated
Only failures:
- U2 spy plane shot down flying through Soviet airspace
- Khr enraged and wants Ike to apologise but refuses to acknowledge it was a military plane
- Khr. proves Ike lying by producing Gary Powers (pilot)
- Ike refused to apoligise to Khr. Storms out of the Summit --> no deals
- Propaganda victory for the USSR
Only Failures:
- Khr deliberately set out to bully and intimidate young and inexperienced JFK
- Demands US troops are withdrawn from Berlin
- No deal.
After CMC wanted to ensure total ability to communicate at all times
Places a ban on atmostpheric testing of nuclear weaponry
BUT:
Testing just goes underground
1st Summit meeting for 6 years
- Seem to have established "friendly" relations
- Both agreed that "nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought --> Improvement on Basic Principles Treaty in SALT I
BUT:
No agreement reached
3 minor deals made - the elimination of US and USSR land based intermediate range missiles - A major reduction of strategic offensive weapons - A joint pledge not to withdraw from an ABM treaty or to deploy SKI for an agreed period of time
GORBY HAD PROPOSED TOTAL DISARMAMENT BUT REAGAN WOULD NOT "CONFINE SDI TO THE LABORATORY"
INF Treaty
- total disarmament of all land-based intermediate missiles
- Allow other countries inspectors to verify
Failed to reach agreement over ICBMs
Gorby decalred that "we not longer consider you enemies"
Bush Sr. agreed --> end of CW
Set up to spy on the Russians
Soviets accuse US of breaking Potsdam
Military alliance of US/W. Europe
Eisenhower's first action in office
Ike able to challenge McCarthy as he was a general, Republican and had good record with Anti-Comm
CIA planned invasion of Cuba by anti--Castro Cuban exiles
-1400 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs - hoped to spark popular uprising against Castro but had been anticipated and were imprisoned
- JFK cancelled bombing raids and marine landings
--> Monumental Distaster for the US
Prolonged bombing of North Vietnam
Sustained ariel bombardment of North Vietnam
Then increased it by 8% in each of the following years
But Reagan gave them the profit from selling arms to Iran
Khr. demands peace treaty over Germany
- 6 month ultimatum
Gorby gives speech that announces that "Marist-Leninism isn't for everyone"
- End of Brezhnev doctrine
Ended Communist Party monopoly on power
Unified and neutralised Austria
Crushed by Soviet army
Triggered by Prague Spring, Soviet troops occupied Czech. under the Brezhnev doctrine
A document that was circulated by its members in Czechoslovakia which represented political, social and religious views that were illegal
- Criticised the govt for not implementing human rights after Basket 3 of Helsinki
- It emphasised that it was not a permanent, organised body and therefore did not constitute political opposition
- Many of the organisers were imprisoned for political treason
In response to Solidarity movement
Ike forced GB and Grance to withdraw after they invaded Egypt avoiding conflict.
Rebellion against US control in Cuba (led by Castro)
--> 1961 officially adopted Communism
All missiles removed by 20 November
Suprise military attack by VC and NV forces against SV, US and allied forces
- Largest military operation conducted by either side up to that point in the war
- Shocked the US public who had believed that SV/VC forces incapable of launching such a massive offensive
52 American diplomats and citizens held hostage for 444 days after Iranian students took over the US Embassy in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution
Official start of Arms Race
Race becomes about delivery of the bombs
1000 times more powerful than Hiroshima bomb
Radioactive fallout after testing went much further than expected ->
- People in a Japanese fishing boat 80 miles away were caught in the fall out - One died
- Led to opposition by leading scientists such as Bertrand Russell
Couldn't match US's B-52s
Public fear of missile gap began to emerge
First to develop a space satellite
- US public v. aware of it
- Massive moral blow to US
- Soviets have potential to develop first ICBM that can be fired from USSR and land in the US
- Massive US fear and paranoia --> Increase in military spending
Shows that there is no "bomber gap" - US have 4 more long range bombers than the Soviets
US had 4000 missiles pointed at USSR
USSR had 220 missiles pointed at US
500,000 dead
Mao sees himself as equal to Khr. which he never did with Stalin
Presents himself as leader of world revolution
-> undermined by reliance on Soviet aid
Then refuses to give them the A bomb to slow down the process
--> Chinese unhappy with Soviet aid and feel they are trying to control China like Eastern Europe
Gathering of Communist leaders in Bucharest
US sees China as a major threat to turn whole of Vietnam Communist
Still under control of the Chinese Communist Party
Succeed in case of Romania -> Refuse to support USSR
Nixon lifts trade ban
--> In Two years US-Sino trade increased 100x to $500million
Ping Ping and Ling Ling the pandas sent as a gift from Mao to US zoo