The Era-Appropriate Curriculum ModelBenchmark Assignment EDLD 568 |
Influential educators
Persons who have had major influence on the area of Curriculum and education
Benjamin Bloom
1913 - 1999
Professor at the University of Chicago. Known for the development of taxonomy of cognitive processing, thereby allowing the targeting of curriculum outcomes.
John Franklin Bobbitt
1876 - 1956
Long-term professor at the University of Chicago. Wrote the first text in the field, The Curriculum (1919).
Jerome Bruner
1915
Professor at Harvard University. Headed the Woods Hole conference and advocated “Structures of the Disciplines” organization of subject matter. Best known work: The Process of Education (1960).
John Dewey's influence and the "child-centered" curriculum advanced
1916
According to Wiles (2005) Dewey was "America’s best known educator-philosopher. Advocated “connectionism” between subjects and pupils through applied learnings. Directed a laboratory school at the University of Chicago. Best known work: Democracy and Education (1916)."
According to Sass, E. (n.d.) "1916 – John Dewey’s Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education is published. Dewey’s views help advance the ideas of the “progressive education movement.” An outgrowth of the progressive political movement, progressive education seeks to make schools more effective agents of democracy. His daughter, Evelyn Dewey, coauthors Schools of To-morrow with her father, and goes on to write several books on her own."
Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900
Charles Eliot
1834 - 1926
President of Harvard University for forty years. Called together the Committee of Ten (1892) to establish new college entrance requirements and curricula
Horace Mann
1796 - 1859
Referred to as the Father of American Education. Instrumental in drafting and passing legislation in Massachusetts that established public schooling precedent.
Abraham Maslow
1908 - 1970
Psychologist who developed a widely referenced hierarchy of need satisfaction, Maslow’s Hierarchy.
Francis Parker
1837 - 1902
Called the Father of Modern Education by Dewey, Parker was an early founder of the Progressive Movement. As superintendent of Quinncy, Massachusetts, schools, Parker is credited with forming up the first “subject” areas.
Jean Piaget
1896 - 1980
Swiss child development specialist emphasizing cognitive growth. Piaget developed a model of states of cognitive development that was used widely in early childhood programs in the 1960s and 1970s.
Harold Rugg
1886 - 1960
Professor at Columbia University form 1920-1951. A leading progressive educator. Best known works: The Child-Centered School (1930) and Foundations of American Education (1947).
B.F. Skinner
1904 - 1990
Advocate for operant conditioning in learning and programmed instruction. Best known works: The Technology of Teaching (1968) and Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971).
Hilda Taba
1902 - 1967
Known as a practical curriculum developer and instructional design specialist. Best known work: Curriculum Development: Theory into Practice.
Edward Thorndike- Connectionism, "Law of Exercise" and "Law of effect"
1913
According to Sass, E. (n.d.) “1913 – Edward Lee Thorndike’s book, Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning, is published. It describes his theory that human learning involves habit formation, or connections between stimuli (or situations as Thorndike preferred to call them) and responses (Connectionism). He believes that such connections are strengthened by repetition (”Law of Exercise") and achieving satisfying consequences (“Law of Effect”). These ideas, which contradict traditional faculty psychology and mental discipline, come to dominate American educational psychology for much of the Twentieth Century and greatly influence American educational practice."
Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900 and http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm
Alvin Toffler
1928
A futurist whose impact on educational thinking in the second half of the twentieth century has been very strong. Best known work: Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949).
Louis M. Terman complete American version of the Binet-Simon Scale.
1916
According to Sass, E. (n.d.) “1916 – Louis M. Terman and his team of Stanford University graduate students complete an American version of the Binet-Simon Scale. The Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale becomes a widely-used individual intelligence test, and along with it, the concept of the intelligence quotient (or IQ) is born. The Fifth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Scales is among the most popular individual intelligence tests today. For additional information on the history of intelligence testing, see A.C.E. Detailed History of the I.Q. Test.”
Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900
Turning Points in American Education
1805 New York Free School society established to educate 500,000 pupils without expense.
New York Free School
1805
society established to educate 500,000 pupils without expense
Boston English Classical School
1821
First tax-supported secondary school
First Compulsory School Law Passed
1852
Massachusetts by Horace Mann
Morrill Land Grant
1862
Established land for public universities in all states (engineering, military science, and agriculture)
Michigan State Supreme Court upholds tax support for schools
1874
Sets precedent for tax support in secondary schools
Francis Parker
1883
Established the first subject matter groupings as an early form of curriculum
Joseph M. Rice Comprehensive study of American Ed.
1892
First comprehensive study of American education
Committee of Ten formed
1892
Charles Eliot, president of Harvard University, forms the Committee of Ten
University of Chicago Laboratory School opens
1896
John Dewey opens the University of Chicago Laboratory School
First physiological studies of schoolchildren
1904
First comprehensive physiological studies of schoolchildren in New York by G. Stanley Hall
First mental measurement scales on intelligence
1905
First mental measurement scales on intelligence published by Alfred Binet
First Junior high school established
1909
First text in curriculum- Franklin Bobbitt
1918
The Seven Cardinal Principles
1918
Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education publishes The Seven Cardinal Principles
Progressive Education Association founded
1919
Eight Year Study
1932 - 1940
Eight Year Study
The Purpose of Education in American Democracy published
1938
The Educational Policies Commission publishes its four-point objectives for education-The Purpose of Education in American Democracy
Congress passes G.I. Bill
1946
Congress passes the G.I. Bill to further the education of veterans
Brown v. Topeka
1954
U.S. Supreme Court rules Brown v. Topeka that public schools must racially integrate previously “separate but equal” schools
Russian Sputnik satellite launched
1957
Russian launches Sputnik satellite, beginning both a space and an education race. According to Wiles (2005) “in response the Congress passed a $1 billion NDEA bill with most emphasis given to science and mathematics” (p.37).
National Defense Education Act passed
1958
U.S. Congress passes the National Defense Education Act, initiating serious funding of public education
Civil Rights Act passed
1964
Civil Rights Act passed by Congress
"titled" programs begin in public schools
1965
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) passes, bringing “titled” programs to public schools
Title XI
1972
Title IX amendment to the ESEA outlaws discrimination on the basis of sex
Public Law 94-142 rights for disabled children
1975
Public Law 94-142 provides federally guaranteed rights for all children with disabilities in public schools
U.S. Department of Education established
1979
U.S. Department of Education established
personal computers commercially available
1985
Commercial availability of personal computers in the United States
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
1990
Congress passed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); concept of inclusion
public access to the Internet
1995
Public access to the Internet is established by Congress
Educational Plicy Commission Statement
1938
Created by the National Education Association (NEA) to study the effects of the Great Depression. It stressed four aims of education: self-realization, human relations, economic efficiency, and civic responsibility (Wiles, 2005, p. 34).
Education for ALL American Youth
1944
According to Wiles (2005) “in this document the Educational Policies Commission rejects an ‘academic only’ curriculum and identifies ten imperative needs of youth that must be served by the school curriculum” (p. 34).
ASCD Goals for Education
1982
According to Wiles (2005), “in this wide survey of curriculum leaders, ten goals were identified as targets for curriculum development efforts: self-concept, understanding others, basic skills, capacity for continuous learning, responsible member of society, mental and physical health, creativity, informed economic participation, use of accumulated knowledge, and coping with change” (p.39).
The Paideia Proposal
1982
According to Wiles (2005), the Paideia Proposal was “a call for a uniform, required twelve-year curriculum for all schoolchildren. The author, Mortimer Adler, advocates a return to basic schooling with no elective choices expect a second foreign language” (p. 39).
A Nation at Risk
1983
According to Wiles (2005), A Nation at Risk was “a report by the pro-business Commission of Excellence claiming that public schools are causing decline in AMerican. Traditional education and work skills are advocated” (p.39).
Turning Points
1989
Carnegie Council report on middle school focusing on a decentralized and general curriculum connected to home and family (WIles, 2005, p. 40).
Goals 2000
1990
Meeting of the U.S. President and all governors where five goals where outlined:
(1) All children will start school ready to learn
(2) high school graduation will increase to at least 90 percent
(3) students will demonstrate competence over challenging subject matter
(4) every American will be literate
(5) every school will be free of violence and drugs (Wiles, 2005, p. 40)
SCANS
1992
Recommendations by the U.S. Secretary of Labor that proposed schools prepare workers for the world beyond school and suggested a workplace skills serve as framework (Wiles, 2005, p. 41).
NEA Committee of Ten establishes college entrance requirements
1893
According to Longstreet and Shane (1993) “a report issued by the Committee of Ten, in 1893, established college entrance requirements and effectively ended much of the curricular experimentation that had characterized most of the nineteenth century” (p.9).
Carnegie Unit established as a measure of seat time
1905
Carnegie units as a measurement of seat time along with the Committee of Ten’s college entrance requirements established the basis for American high school throughout the 20th century and today (Lundt and Wiles, 2004, p. 20).
Carnegie Foundation http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/about-us/foundation-history
American Federation of Teachers Founded
1916
According to Sass, E. (n.d.) “1916 – The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) is founded as is the American Educational Research Association (AERA).”
Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900
Smith-Hughes Act: funding for agriculture and vocational ed.
1917
According to Sass, E. (n.d.) the Smith-Hughes Act was repealed in 1997.
Law requiring public funds for transportation
1918
According to Gray, R. (2007) “1919: All 48 states in the contiguous United States have enacted laws allowing the use of public funds for transporting school children … Ralph H. Carpenter Body Company was founded in Mitchell, Ind.”
http://stnonline.com/resources/safety/related-articles/1360-the-history-of-school-transportation
School Models
A sampling of the best schools that have contributed to curriculum change
Baltimore Plan
1900
According to Wiles (2005) the Baltimore plans influence stemmed from “Featuring a flexible schedule and differentiated grading, this plan for gifted students provided six years of lateral enrichment and then six years of acceleration through subjects” (p.32).
Batavia Plan
1875
According to Wiles (2005) the Batavia Plan contributed “flexible grading and promotion plans that assisted teachers in bringing slower learners up to grade level so that they could be promoted” (p.32).
Cambridge Plan
1910
According to Wiles (2005) the Cambridge Plan was “designed to meet the needs of gifted students, featuring two parallel curriculums. The normal track took eight years but gifted students could complete the same materials in six years” (p.32).
Dalton Plan
1919
According to Wiles (2005) the Dalton Plan influenced education though its "individualized paths through the curriculum provided by jobs. Students would select a job, each divided into twenty units, and “contract” with the teacher. At the end of each month the teacher would check the progress of the students in completing these tasks" (p.32).
Dewey School
1896
According to Wiles (2005) the Dewey School at the University of Chicago Laboratory School “focused on training students for cooperative and mutually helpful living as preparation for life in a democracy. Focusing on occupations, the curriculum simulated a community and its interdependencies” (p.32)
Foxfire School
1985
According to Wile (2005) the Foxfire School was “a late 1980s school located in the rural mountains of Georgia, this school was know for its progressive learning procedures and student0oriented culture” (p.32).
Gary Plan
1908
According to Wiles (2005) the Gary Plan school was “innovative in many ways, this school had four quarters (year round), elementary and secondary school under one roof (educational park), and academic acceleration as early as the fifth grade. The schools were open on Saturdays for community participation” (p.32).
John Adams High
1970
John Adams High influenced education according to Wiles (2005) “in the early 1970s this Portland, Oregon, high school gained exposure as a model of ‘democratic processes.’ Students and faculty used the New England town meeting procedure to solve problems and plan change” (p.33).
Lincoln School
1920
According to Wiles (2005) the Lincoln School “operated as an experimental program at Teachers College that focused on ends such as creativity and insights. Synthesizing the subjects and focus on the utility of knowledge was a goal of this program. Units of work were featured” (p.33).
Nova High School
1970
According to Wiles (2005) Nova High School “a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, school that featured early technical applications to the instructional process. Funded by a Ford Foundation grant, Nova featured early computer applications as well as advanced video technology” (p. 33).
Parkway Schools
1978
Parkway Schools, according to Wiles (2005) “created in a time of financial crisis, this philadelphia school network demonstrated that schools could be created ‘without walls,’ using the resources of the city as the learning environment. This program,s still in existence, was widely studied in the 1970s” (p.33)?
Skyline High School
1970
Skyline High School, according to Wiles (2005) was “a Dallas, Texas, school offering a comprehensive program under one roof. Students in this school could study almost any curriculum and prepare for many occupations based on the nature of the curriculum” (p.33).
Summerhill School
1965
Summerhill School, according to Wiles (2005) was “an English school run by A. S. Neil, Summerhill is often used as an example to describe existential or highly flexible school environments” (p.33).
Winnetka School
1919
According to Wiles (2005), Winnetka School “featured a two-part curriculum: (1) basic skills and knowledge and (20) activities for self-expression. Students progressed through a fixed curriculum in their own way without attempts to standardize outcomes” (p. 33).
Historic U.S. Events
Reconstruction, Urbanization, and Industrialization
1865 - 1889
13th Amendment outlaws slavery, 1865
Thomas Alva Edison
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820-Present
Communities in a Changing Nation: The Promise of 19th-Century America
The Progressive Era
1890 - 1913
Wright Brothers fly the first successful airplane, December 17, 1903
Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century
“Make the Dirt Fly” Building the Panama Canal
US involvement in World War I
1917 - 1918
Preoccupation with World War 1 eroded and distracted education reform efforts. Many recruits being ill prepared physically for war lead to the adoption of Physical Education as part of the school curriculum (Lundt and Wiles, 2004, p. 22).
The Great Depression (1929-1939)
1929 - 1939
“Bang! went the doors of every bank in America”
The National Recovery Administration
Frances Perkins: New Deal Stateswoman and Labor Reformer
New Deal and the Arts Oral History Interviews
World War II (1941-1945)
1941 - 1945
G.I. World War II
Produce for Victory, Posters on the American Home Front (1941-45)
V-Mail, “Victory” Mail from World War II
The Enola Gay drops atomic bomb, Aug. 6, 1945
The Modern Era
1945
1945-Present
Cold War
1945 - 1991
Spotlight: Biography: Korean War, 1950-1953
Space Race
Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War
Rebels: Painters and Poets of the 1950s
Separate is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education,
May 17, 1954
Whatever Happened to Polio?
The Presidency and the Cold War
The 1960s
1960 - 1970
Woolworth’s Sit-in, Greensboro, NC, February 1, 1960
Apollo 11 Moon landing on July 20, 1969
A Visual Journey: Photographs by Lisa Law, 1965-1971
The 1970s
1970 - 1980
Photographing History: Fred J. Maroon and the Nixon Years, 1970-1974
Energy Crises of the 1970’s
The Late 20th-Century
1980 - 2000
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Dedicated November 13, 1982
Deregulation of Electrical Power: Powering a Generation of Change
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is signed into law, 1990
The 21st-Century
2000
Vote: The Machinery of Democracy
September 11: Bearing Witness to History
September 11, 2001: Collecting and Exhibiting a National Tragedy
Spike in US Yearly Immigration
1905 - 1915
According to http://www.migrationinformation.org/DataHub/charts/historic.1.shtml in the trend in US immigration tips over the 1 miillion per year mark in 1905 and continues with at least 750,000 individuals coming to the country for the next ten years.
US involvement in the Vietnam War
1960 - 1975
US invasion of Afghanistan
2001
US invasion of Iraq
2003
SARS epidemic
2003
H1N1 epidemic closes schools
2009
Technology
First motion picture w/ audio
1910 - 1910
Thomas Edison demonstrated the first motion picture w/ audio
Transatlantic telegraphic radio transmission
1901 - 1901
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html
First electric typewriter sold worldwide
1902 - 1902
First electric typewriter to be sold worldwide—the Blickensderfer Electric—produced
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html
Haloid photographic paper company founded
1906 - 1906
The Haloid Company founded to manufacture and sell photographic paper (name changed to Xerox Corporation in 1961)
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html
First totally synthetic plastic patented
1909 - 1909
Bakelite, the first totally synthetic plastic, patented
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html
First North American transcontinental telephone call
1915 - 1915
First North American transcontinental telephone call between Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco and Alexander Graham Bell in New York City
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1910.html
Calculating machine based on the binary numbers 0 and 1
1918 - 1918
Calculating machine based on the binary numbers 0 and 1 built by J. Abraham and E. Bloch
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1910.html
First picturephone conversation
1927 - 1927
First Picturephone conversation held between Herbert Hoover, then American Secretary of Commerce, and Walter Sherman Gifford, president of AT&T
Automobile and Tractor
1900
At the turn of the century 2,300 automobiles where registered in the US (a combination of steam, gas and electric). Benjamin Holt invents the tractor.